Briefing Paper, Vol. 3.2 -- 1
I. Introduction .................. 1
II. How the SSA Determines
the Amount
of Parent(s) Deemed
Income and
Resources .................... 2
III. How the SSA Applies
Parental Deemed
Income and Resources
to Determine a Child's
Eligibility for SSI and
Benefit Payment
Amount ........................ 4
IV. Factors that Change
Deeming Status and
Needs to be Reported
to the SSA ................... 7
V. What is the Relevance,
Impact, and Application
of Parent-to-Child
Deeming for Benefits
Planning, Assistance,
and Outreach
(BPAO) Activities? ..... 7
VI. Frequently Asked
Questions ..................... 9
VII. Resources and
Websites .................... 11
Virginia Commonwealth University
Rehabilitation Research & Training Center
on Workplace Supports
PARENT-TO-CHILD
DEEMING
Briefing Paper
April, 2002
Virginia Commonwealth University's
Benefits Assistance Resource Center
I. INTRODUCTION TO PARENT -TO-CHILD DEEMING 
Who is subject to Parent-to-Child Deeming?
When applying for or receiving Supplemental Security Income (SSI), the eligibility
and amount of payment for a child SSI recipient below the age of 18, is determined
by considering the income and resources of parent(s) responsible for the
child SSI recipient's welfare.
This approach is called "Parent-to-Child Deeming" by SSI program regulations
and policies. It is based on the concept that, in some situations, parent(s) who
have a responsibility for child SSI recipient(s) share their income and resources
with their child or children receiving SSI. It does not matter if money is actually
provided to an SSI eligible child below the age of 18 for deeming to apply.
From whom are income/resources deemed under Parent-to-Child
Deeming?
Parent-to-child deeming only applies to deeming of income and resources from
an ineligible parent, or ineligible parents, to an SSI eligible child, or SSI eligible
children, below the age of 18. Once the child reaches age 18, deeming of
income and resources from her/his parents no longer applies. Generally, the
child needs to be living with her/his parent(s), but there are some exceptions to
living outside of a parent's home when Parent-to-Child deeming could apply.
Under what circumstances does Parent-to-Child
Deeming Occur?
For Parent-to-Child deeming to apply, there must be at least one each of the two
following people involved.
1. At least one "ineligible parent" responsible for the child SSI
recipient's welfare who is subject to deeming income &/or
resources to the child SSI recipient. SSI defines "ineligible
parent" as a parent who is not eligible for SSI. A parent that
receives SSI cannot deem income or resources to a child
SSI recipient.
2. At least one "eligible child" or potentially eligible child who is medically
qualified to receive SSI and is also subject to receiving deemed
income &/or resources from an ineligible parent or parents. SSI
defines "eligible child" for Parent-to-Child Deeming purposes as a
child below 18 who is currently or could be eligible for SSI. In
Parent-to-Child Deeming situations SSI also uses the term "ineligible"
to refer to brothers and sisters below the age of 18, of an
"eligible" child, who are not eligible for SSI.
II.
HOW OW THE SOCIAL OCIAL SECURITY ECURITY ADMINISTRA DMINISTRA DMINISTRATION TION DETERMINES ETERMINES THE
AMOUNT MOUNT OF PARENT DEEMED EEMED INCOME NCOME AND RESOURCES ESOURCES
Supplemental Security Income (SSI) evaluates and "counts" parental income by
separating into two major categories:
Earned Income is the first category of parental income SSI "counts" in Parent-to-Child
deeming situations, and is generally defined as Social Security taxable gross wages from
a parent or the combined gross wages from two parents. Earned income also can include,
when applicable, net self-employment earnings (NESE) from a parent or two parents
engaged in self employment, which is generally defined as the net taxable income
from a small business, after all business expenses have been deducted from gross business
sales income, but prior to paying IRS taxes (also prior to any parent/owner's draws
from the business)
Unearned Income is the second category of parental income SSI "counts" in Parent-to-
Child deeming situations and is about what it sounds like - any income the parent(s)
receive that is not earned due to direct work efforts, such as unemployment insurance
benefits, workers compensation benefits, interest on savings accounts, veterans benefits,
dividends from stocks, annuity payments, retirement income, Social Security Disability
Insurance (SSDI) monthly checks, rental property income, and generally any type of income
that is not earned directly as a result of work efforts of the parents.
Additional Income Exclusions from Ineligible Parents Income in Sequential
Order
STEP 1. Allocations for ineligible children below the age of 18: SSI allows for the
difference between the SSI Federal Benefit Rate (FBR) for a Couple and the FBR for a
single SSI recipient to be excluded when determining deemed income from parent(s);
from the parent(s). This is referred to as an "allocation". One allocation is deducted for
each ineligible child.
As an example in 2002 the couple SSI FBR = $817 and the single FBR = $545 so the
difference = ($817-$545) = $272. Therefore, during 2002 an "allocation" of $272 applies
to the parent(s) income for each ineligible child below 18 years old. The allocation is
applied to unearned parental income first. Any remaining amount is applied to earned
parental income.
If the ineligible child has any countable income, the $272 allocation is applied to reduce
the ineligible child's countable income 1st and then the balance, if any, is applied to
reduce the parents income before any other exclusions are applied .
Briefing Paper 
Briefing Paper, Vol. 3.2 -- 3
STEP 2. GIE Exclusion: Next, SSI allows for $20 to be excluded from the parent(s)
unearned income as a General Income Exclusions (GIE). If no unearned exists this
exclusion is applied to the parental earned income.
STEP 3. EIE Exclusion: SSI then allows $65 to be excluded exclusion (EIE) to be excluded
from the parents earned income. If there is no parental earned income this exclusion
does not apply and cannot be applied to unearned parental income.
STEP 4. Reduction of parental income of $1.00 for every $2.00 earned: SSI then
divides the remaining parental earned income by 2 to further reduce the parental earned
income, in essence only counting 1/2 of the parental earned income.
STEP 5. Allocation for ineligible parent(s): SSI then allocates the FBR for a single SSI
recipient to be excluded from parental income for a single ineligible parent, or the FBR for
a SSI eligible couple to be excluded from income for two ineligible parents or an ineligible
parent and ineligible spouse. In 2002 a single ineligible parent would exclude $545 and
two ineligible parents or a parent and a spouse would exclude $817.
Income Exclusions
The following items are not included when deeming the income of an ineligible parent.
A. Income excluded by Federal laws other than the Social Security
Act;
B. Any public income-maintenance payments received by an
ineligible spouse or parent, and any income counted or excluded
in figuring the amount of those payments;
C. Any income of an ineligible spouse or parent used by a public
income-maintenance program to determine the amount of that
program's benefit to someone else;
D. Any portion of a grant, scholarship, or fellowship used to pay
tuition or fees;
E. Money received for providing foster care to an ineligible child;
F. The value of food stamps and the value of Department of
Agriculture donated foods;
G. Food raised by an ineligible spouse or parent and consumed by
household members;
H. Tax refunds on income, real property, or food purchased by the
family;
I. Income used to fulfill an approved plan for achieving self-support
(for blind and disabled individuals);
J. Income used to comply with the terms of court-ordered support, or
child support payments enforced under Title IV (Grants to States
for Aid and Services to Needy Families with Children and for
Child-Welfare Services, Part D-Child Support and Establishment
of Paternity) of the Social Security Act
K. The value of in-kind support and maintenance;
L. Payments received by certain recipients under the Alaska
Longevity Bonus program; (continued)
M. Disaster assistance;
N. Certain home energy and support and maintenance assistance;
O. Income received infrequently or irregularly;
P. Work expenses if the ineligible spouse or parent is blind;
Q. Income of an ineligible spouse or parent paid under a Federal,
State, or local governmental program to provide chore, attendant,
or homemaker services; and
R. Certain housing assistance.
Deeming of Parent's Resources -- What counts and what
does not count?
SSI allows for any resources excluded for an SSI eligible individual to be excluded for an
ineligible parent(s). Therefore, the parent(s) are allowed to own one car, own one home if they
live in it, own home furnishings per SSI's policies for value of those furnishings, all property for
self support (PESS) such as all capital equipment, property and liquid resources used in a trade
or business is excluded, and basically all of SSI's allowed exclusions for an eligible SSI individual.
An additional exclusion (not allowed for an SSI eligible individual) applies to parents
that are subject to deeming to an SSI eligible child (or children). Pension funds owned
by an ineligible spouse or by an ineligible parent or spouse of a parent are excluded from
resources for deeming purposes. Pension funds are defined as funds held in Individual Retirement
Accounts (IRA's) or in work-related pension plans.
SSI allows the parent(s) to also exclude countable resources of $2,000 in the case of one
parent, or $3,000 in the case of two parents (or one parent and the parent's spouse) and then
deems the balance of those countable resources that exceed those limits to the eligible child.
The eligible child may also exclude up to $2,000 of resources.
Ineligible children below the age of 18 have no resource limits. Their resources are not counted
toward the parent(s) nor the SSI eligible child's resources. For instance, a 12 year old ineligible
child could own a whole life insurance policy, or a restricted college trust fund, perhaps set up
by her/his grandparents, that cannot be accessed by her/his parent's nor by the SSI eligible
child, with an unlimited cash surrender value on the insurance/savings policy or college fund.
III.
HOW OW THE SOCIAL OCIAL SECURITY ECURITY ADMINISTRATION DMINISTRATION APPLIES PPLIES PARENTAL ARENTAL
DEEMED EEMED INCOME NCOME AND RESOURCES ESOURCES TO DETERMINE ETERMINE A CHILD HILD HILD'S ELIGIBILITY LIGIBILITY
FOR SSI AND BENEFIT ENEFIT PAYMENT AYMENT AMOUNT MOUNT
Deemed Income as unearned income to the child:
After SSI calculates the amount of deemed income from a parent(s) to a child - the deemed
income is then treated as unearned income to the child. From that point on, the child's
income exclusions and calculations are the same as any single SSI recipient, using the
standard income exclusions that would apply to a single individual plus the Student Earned
Income Exclusion (SEIE) assuming the child meets the SEIE criteria.

Other forms of income/resources the child may have:
A child subject to Parent-to-Child deeming may have a variety of other forms of income,
such as an SSDI check from a parent that is retired, disabled, or is deceased, an annuity
payment, a veterans child benefit from a parent, wages or self employment income. The
SSI eligible child's "other" income is taken into consideration after the parental deemed
income amount has been calculated.
How Deemed Income/Resources may cause ineligibility
for the child.
In some situations, a child SSI recipient may clearly be eligible for SSI based on her/his own
personal income and resources, yet could be determined ineligible for SSI due to the
deemed income or resources from a parent or parents. If for instance, parental deemed
income (which is treated as "unearned income" to the child) exceeds $20 more than the
SSI single FBR in 2002 of $545 plus any applicable state SSI supplements, then the child
would be found ineligible for SSI due to receiving too much parental deemed income. The
same holds true for resources - where the child is allowed $2000 in personal resources,
and the parents $3,000 for a couple, or a total of $5,000 - and if, as an example, the total
resources exceed that amount then the child would be found ineligible for SSI due to
excess personal and/or deemed resources from her/his parents.
Example of how deemed income affects an eligible child's
payment amount.
Parental deemed income may also cause an eligible childs SSI payment to be reduced.
For example: John is 14 and has a disability that is medically determinable as eligible for
SSI. He lives with his two parents, Mark and Sandy, and his younger sister, Susan (age 10)
who does not have a disability. Mark, John's father, is currently receiving $600 per month
SSDI and not employed. Sandy, John's mother, earns $1,200 per month in gross wages.
John and his sister, Susan, each receive $150 Title II checks from their father's SSDI
eligibility due to the fact that they are minor children below the age of 18, which is not due
to either John or Susan having or not having a disability. It's simply due to the fact that they
are below the age of 18 and their father, Mark, is receiving SSDI due to his disability.
STEP 1: Apply the 2002 Child allowance of $272 to John's younger sister, Susan's, unearned
income, as an ineligible child below the age of 18 (Susan does not have a disability
and is ineligible for SSI - yet her income and exclusions are part of the deeming process as
a member of the family)
$272 Deeming allowance for ineligible children below 18 years old
- $150 Title II Susan's monthly unearned income:
$122 Remaining allowance
STEP 2: Apply the remaining ineligible child allocation (not all used in reducing Susan's
income above to John's father, Mark's, SSDI check.
$600 Marks' SSDI check (John's father)
-$122 Child allowance not all used in reducing Susan's countable income
$478
STEP 3: Subtract the General Income Exclusion (GIE) from John's father's remaining
unearned income.
$478 Mark's remaining unearned income from step 2
-$ 20 GIE
$458
STEP 4: Subtract the Earned Income Exclusion (EIE) from John's mother's earned income.
$1200 Sandy's earned income (John's mother)
-$ 65 EIE
$1135
STEP 5: Divide Sandy's remaining earned income by two
$1135/2 = $567.50
STEP 6: Add Mark's (John's father's) countable unearned income to Sandy's (John's
mother's) countable earned income (from steps 3 and 5 above)
$ 458.00 Mark's countable unearned income
$ 567.50 Sandy's countable earned income
$1,025.50
STEP 7: Subtract the parent 2002 deeming allocation of $817 from the total countable
amount from Step 6
$1,025.50 (total countable income from John's mother and father from
Step 6)
- 817.00 (parent deeming allocation for a couple - note: a single parent
only subtracts
$ 208.50 $545 in 2002 but in this case John's parents are married)
$208.50 IS THE DEEMED INCOME TO JOHN FROM HIS PARENT'S INCOME
STEP 8: Add John's $150 Title II benefits from his father to the deemed income from his
parents in step 7 to calculate John's total unearned income:
$150.00 John's Title II benefit from his father, Mark's, SSDI award
$ 208.50 John's deemed income form his parents
$ 358.50
STEP 9: Subtract John's allowed $20 General Income Exclusion (GIE) from John's total
unearned income
$ 358.50 John's total unearned income
- 20.00 GIE
$ 338.50
STEP 10: Subtract John's total countable income from the SSI award in his state, with
no state supplement, of $545 for 2002 to calculate John's SSI check amount.
Briefing riefing P Paper aper
Briefing Paper, Vol. 3.2 -- 7
$ 545.00 SSI Federal Benefit Rate for a single individual with no
state supplement
- 338.50 John's total countable income
$ 206.50 SSI check
$206.50 IS JOHN'S CALCULATED SSI CHECK AMOUNT
IV IV.
FACT CT CTORS ORS THA THAT CHANGE HANGE DEEMING EEMING STATUS TUS AND NEED EED TO BE
REPORTED EPORTED TO THE SOCIAL OCIAL SECURITY ECURITY ADMINISTRA DMINISTRA DMINISTRATION TION
The following factors affect or change deeming status and need to be reported to SSI:
1. Changes in parent(s) income and/or resources.
2. Changes in family members who reside in the household (parents
or children).
3. If an ineligible parent becomes eligible for SSI, deeming would cease
(none of the SSI eligible parent's income or recourse would be
deemed to the SSI eligible child) in a single parent household. In a
two parent household - income is first deemed to the eligible parent
from the ineligible parent - so if there is an eligible parent (still receiving
SSI after spouse-to-spouse deeming) then there is no deeming
of income or resources to the eligible child.
4. If another child in the household become eligible or ineligible, deeming
to this first eligible child is affected and the change needs to be
reported to SSI.
V.
WHAT IS THE RELEV ELEV ELEVANCE ANCE ANCE, , I IMP MP MPACT CT CT, AND APPLICA PPLICA PPLICATION TION OF PARENT ARENT ARENT-
TO-CHILD HILD DEEMING EEMING FOR BENEFITS PLANNING ASSISTANCE   OUTREACH (BPAO) ACTIVITIES?
Generally, BPAO project staff will be providing assistance to working age individuals between
the ages of 14 and 65. Although parent-to-child deeming applies to any child below the age of
18, BPAO support for children younger than 14 is not expected from BPAO staff, other than to
provide information and referral service. This age range is noted as specifically relevant due to
application of Parent-to-Child deeming; the ability in states to work with some restrictions from
the Department of Labor at age 14; and the IDEA mandate to schools to begin vocational
planning at age 14. Therefore, a student could be engaging BPAO staff for advice and assistance
as early as age 14.
Presuming that BPAO project staff are providing benefits analysis services that eventually outline
an array of work related choices for SSI recipients, the following applications could be
useful to consider for 14 - 18 year old youth.
a. An eligible 14 - 18 year old child could possibly be receiving less SSI
than the potential SSI Federal Benefit Rate (FBR) of $545 in 2002
due to deemed income from a parent. SSI reports on their statistical
analysis that in fact a fair percentage of youth in that age range do
receive reduced SSI benefits due to parental deemed income. If the
example child in this situation was receiving an SSI check reduction
of perhaps $250 less SSI than the potential $545 FBR, each month,
and was perhaps 15 years old, a logical work incentive choice that
should be presented to the child (assuming a thorough benefits analysis
of all choices is developed) would be to outline the possible choice
to set aside that $250 in a Plan for Achieving Self Support (PASS) to
perhaps achieve a vocational goal of the child's choosing. The PASS
analysis would show that setting aside $250 per month from the age
of 15 - 18 for 3 years, would equate to a $9,000 PASS potential for
achieving a vocational goal.
b. The student could also be shown how SSI's Student Earned Income
Exclusion (SEIE) would apply if the student chose to work, and if
applicable, once working, how Blind Work Expenses (BWE), Impairment
Related Work Expenses (IRWE) and 1619(b) provide significant
earning capacity and incentives to work during the ages of 14 -
18 and beyond.
c. Families with parents that are on SSDI or SSI may also have children
on SSI and/or SSDI - even children younger than 14, so in dealing
with complex family benefits planning - choices by parent(s) to work
or not to work impact not only on the parent's benefits but also would
impact their children's benefits below age 18 if applicable and would
need to be discussed and analyzed to promote informed choice for
parents to work or increase earnings from current work activities.
An example of Parent-to-Child deeming applied to accessing a Plan for Achieving Self Support
for a 15 year old child SSI recipient is presented below.
A family of three, two parents and a child named Jack, age 15, who was receiving SSI that was
reduced by $111.50 per month due to his parents gross income of $1,982 per month (using
2002 figures for this example) chose to write a PASS for 28 months from April 99 - September
2001 (28 months) $111.50 x 28 = $3,122.00 total for Jack's work goal to become a carpenter's
assistant. The PASS was incorporated into his school Individual Education Plan (IEP), and the
school IEP was incorporated into his PASS. Jack's PASS was approved by SSI and he has
continued to use his PASS to achieve his work goal over the past years, with several PASS
amendments and a PASS extension.
The following formula was used to determine Jack's deemed income from his parents. (The
following formula applies to Jack's situation but it should be noted that it only includes earned
income from his parents since they did not have any unearned income and he had no other
brothers and sisters below the age of 18. Other situations, such as deemed income from a
single parent, or parental unearned income, or siblings below the age of 18 would require
different variations of the formula listed).
Parent's gross monthly income: $1982.00
Less $20 parent's unearned income exclusion: - 20.00
$1962.00
Less $65 parent's earned income exclusion: - 65.00
$1897.00
Divided by 2 $ 948.50
Less SSI Married Couple FBR for 2002 - 817.00
Deemed income to Jack on SSI $ 131.50
Less $20 child unearned income exclusion - 20.00
Countable unearned income $ 111.50
Jack's 2002 SSI check without a PASS:
$545 - $111.50 = $433.50 SSI per month
Jack's 2002 SSI check with a PASS of $111.50: $545 - $0 = $545
(All countable income is excluded in Jack's PASS, therefore, his SSI check is increased
to the full FBR of $545)
Additional PASS funds generated by Jack's SSI check increase of $111.50 for 28
months = $3,122 for his PASS work goal to become a carpenter's assistant.
Jack's PASS can be reviewed at the following web site:
http://www.passplan.org/PASSdb/Examples/Jack_23.htm
VI. Frequently Ask Asked ed Questions
Are there any situations where Parent-to-child deeming
is waived or would not apply to an eligible child
SSI recipient below the age of 18 with ineligible
parent(s)?
Yes. There is a provision that allows a waiver of the normal
parent-to-child deeming rules. This waiver applies in very few
circumstances. Beginning July 1, 1990, parental income or
resources are not deemed to any child under age 18 who:
A. Is disabled;
B. Received SSI benefits limited to the $30 reduced benefit
rate because of residence in a medical treatment
facility;
C. Is eligible for Medicaid under a State home care plan;
and
D. Would be ineligible for SSI benefits because of
deemed parental income or resources.
Information on this waiver can be found on the internet at:
SI 01310.201 Waiver of Parental Deeming Rules
http://policy.ssa.gov/poms.nsf/lnx/0501310201
Briefing Paper, Vol. 3.2 -- 10
Are child support payments counted as deemed income
from parent(s)?
No. An eligible child who receives child support payments is
considered to have an income in his/her right not deemed income.
Child support payments count as unearned income of
the childs. One-third of these payments is excluded.
What happens if an eligible child moves out of the
household - into either another household or residential
program? Is parental income still counted
and deemed to the child?
If the child moves out but intends to return in the same month or
following month and is temporarily absent, then deeming still
continues. If a child move out and is attending a educational or
vocational school and returns home say on weekend or holidays
and is subject to parental control, then SSA considers this
to be a temporary absence.
If the child is not subject to parental control, it is not a temporary
absence and deeming does not apply. At such young ages
(below 18) parental control is a significant consideration. If a
child moves into a private, non-medical facility, such as foster
care, deeming does not apply, or if the child moves into a residential
program approved by the state (i.e. group home or similar
situation).
More information on this question can be found at:
SI 00835.790 Noninstitutional Care Situations
http://policy.ssa.gov/poms.nsf/lnx/0501310140
SI 01310.165 Deeming Concept - Temporary
Absence
http://policy.ssa.gov/poms.nsf/lnx/0501310165
How does SSI gather the relevant information needed
to make deeming determinations and any changes in
amount of deemed income over time? How often is
deemed income reviewed?
SSI first gathers the relevant deeming information at the time of
application for SSI benefits for a child below the age of 18.
Parents are required to show all income and resource information,
IRS filings, and bank records. SSI has the right to secure
all needed information or the application can be denied. After
that, SSI reviews the non-medical information at least once
yearly and over the more recent years, does this by mailings and
phone calls, and it can also be done in person at local SSA field
offices. Thereafter, SSI relies on parents to notify SSI of any
changes occurring and to receive SSI, the parents are required
to sign a form stating that they will report all changes in their
living situations.

VII. Resources  and Websites
Is there a minimum age for deeming to apply?
There is no minimum age. Sometimes a child born with a
disability applies for SSI via her/his parents and hospital support
immediately upon birth. This is often due to the fact that in most
states SSI also automatically qualifies the child for Medicaid
and very young children born with significant disabilities may
need extensive and costly Medical support.
1. Social Security's Program Operations Manual System (POMS)
Section SI 01300.000 covers SSI's day to day operating polices for deeming
applications at the following web address:
http://policy.ssa.gov/poms.nsf/36f3b2ee954f0075852568c100630558/
521b907c70ac19a785256a5f000b6c7f?OpenDocument
2. Code of Federal Regulations (CFR's):
PART 416-SUPPLEMENTAL SECURITY INCOME FOR THE AGED, BLIND, AND
DISABLED - http://www.ssa.gov/OP_Home/cfr20/416/416-0000.htm
§416.1160 What is deeming of income.
http://www.ssa.gov/OP_Home/cfr20/416/416-1160.htm
3. Social Security Handbook 2001:
Chapter 21 Supplemental Security Income.
http://www.ssa.gov/OP_Home/handbook/handbook.21/handbook-toc21.html
2167. Deeming of income and resources.
http://www.ssa.gov/OP_Home/handbook/handbook.21/handbook-2167.html
4. SSA BPAO Manual On-Line:
http://www.ilr.cornell.edu/ped/ssa_curriculum/
5. PASS Examples On-Line at the Rural Institute, University of Montana
http://www.passplan.org
Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Education and Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation is an equal opportunity/affirmative action institution and does not discriminate on the basis of race, gender, age, religion, ethnic origin, or disability. If special accommodations are needed, please contact Vicki Brooke at (804) 828-1851 VOICE or (804) 828-2494 TTY. This activity is funded through a contract (#0600-00-51200) with Social Security Administration.
Virginia Commonwealth University's Benefits Assistance Resource Center 
Give us a call or e-mail us....We are the answer to your Social
Security Work Incentives questions!!!
Virginia Commonwealth University
Benefits Assistance Resource Center
PO Box  842011
1314 W. Main St.
Richmond, VA 23284-2011
(804) 828-1851 VOICE -- (804) 828-2494 TTY -- (804) 828-2193 FAX
(c)2002 , VCU-RRTC on Workplace Supports -- Permission to Reprint
6. Work Incentive and Work/Supported Employment Related Organizations:
Virginia Commonwealth University
http://www.ced.wvu.edu/Programs/Community/BPAO/index.htm
http://www.worksupport.com
http://www.vcu-barc.org/
http://www.vcu.edu/rrtcweb/witn/ssi.htm
http://www.spiconnect.org/
http://www.vcu.edu/rrtcweb/sec/
University of Missouri -- http://www.rcep7.org/ssa/
Cornell University -- http://www.ilr.cornell.edu/ped
University of Montana-Rural Institute -- http://ruralinstitute.umt.edu
Institute for Community Inclusion -- http://www.childrenshospital.org/ici
Griffin-Hammis Associates, LLC -- http://www.griffinhammis.com
http://www www..vcu-barc.org